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Law enforcement in Italy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Carabiniere in Bologna
A Carabiniere in Bologna
Motorcycle patrols of the Polizia di Stato
Carabinieri and Polizia di Stato during inspections

Law enforcement in Italy is centralized on a national level, with multiple national forces, assisted by some local law enforcement agencies. The two main police forces are the Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie, and the Polizia di Stato, the civil national police. The Guardia di Finanza is a militarized police force responsible for dealing with financial crime, smuggling, and illegal drug trade. Border and maritime patrolling are undertaken by the Polizia di Frontiera, a division of the Polizia di Stato, and the Guardia Costiera (coast guard).[1]

The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Police) is the national prison police agency, controlling penitentiaries and inmate transfers. The Corpo Forestale dello Stato (State Forestry Corps) formerly existed as a separate national park ranger agency, but was merged into the Carabinieri in 2016.[2] While policing in Italy is primarily national,[3] Polizia Provinciale (provincial police) and Polizia Municipale (municipal police), in some regions called Polizia Locale, also exist.[4]

Summary

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The Italian law enforcement system is complex, with multiple police forces and agencies handling various duties.[4] "Full-powered officers" primarily come from the national forces, carrying out investigation and arrest duties. Local forces have more limited roles.

Force English translation Type Responsibility
Carabinieri Carabiners Gendarmerie Military police for the Italian Armed Forces,[5][6] patrolling, investigative, and law enforcement duties.
Polizia di Stato State Police Civilian police Patrolling, investigative, immigration control, administrative and law enforcement duties[7][5][6]
Guardia di Finanza Financial Guard Militarized police Dealing with financial crime, smuggling, illegal drug trade, patrolling Italy's territorial waters, maintaining public security, and other duties.[7][5][6][8][9][10]
Polizia Penitenziaria Prison Police Prison officer Controlling penitentiaries and inmate transfers[6][5]
Guardia Costiera Coast Guard Coast guard Undertaking maritime patrolling duties[11]
Corazzieri Cuirassiers Regiment Cavalry President of Republic safety corps

The main forces are managed at the provincial level under the authority of the Questore (the local head of police) in accordance with the Prefetto, the provincial representative of the Government.[12]

Law enforcement is an exclusive function of the State, organized under the Ministry of the Interior, with provincial division and jurisdiction.[13]

The highest office in charge of law enforcement is the ministerial office of "Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza".[12][14]

In 2005, Italy had 324,339 active police officers, the highest number in the European Union both overall and per capita, twice the number of agents in the similarly sized United Kingdom.[15]

National police forces

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Polizia di Stato

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Main article: Polizia di Stato
Polizia di Stato on duty in Piazza di Spagna, Rome, in 2007

The Polizia di Stato (State Police) is the civil national police of Italy. It patrols the Autostrade (Italy's Express Motorways network) and oversees the security of railways, bridges, and waterways, in addition to patrolling, investigative, and law enforcement duties.[7][5][6]

It is a civilian police force, distinct from the military Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza.[7] Its internal organization and mindset are somewhat military, but its personnel are civilians. Its headquarters are in Rome, with regional and provincial divisions.

A program, Polizia di Quartiere ("Neighborhood Police"), has increased police presence and deters crime. Pairs of poliziotti (policemen) or carabinieri patrol areas of major cities on foot or by bike.[16]

Guardia di Finanza

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Main article: Guardia di Finanza
Guardia di Finanza (2010)

The Guardia di Finanza (Financial Guard) is a military corps under the authority of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, with a role as a police force.[7]

The Corps is responsible for financial, economic, judiciary, and public safety matters. This includes tax evasion, financial crimes, smuggling, money laundering, international illegal drug trafficking, illegal immigration, customs and border checks, copyright violations, anti-Mafia operations, credit card fraud, cybercrime, counterfeiting, terrorist financing, maintaining public order, and safety, political and military defense of the Italian borders.[7][5][6]

The Guardia di Finanza has around 68,000 soldiers, including agents, non-commissioned officers, and officers. Its personnel serve in Europol, Eurojust, and the European Anti-Fraud Office. Its Latin motto since 1933 is Nec recisa recedit (English: Not Even Broken Retreats). The Guardia di Finanza also maintains boats, ships, and aircraft to patrol Italy's territorial waters.[17][18]

During demonstrations and large events, the Guardia di Finanza is often called on duty as riot police.[19]

Arma dei Carabinieri

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Main article: Carabinieri
Carabinieri in full uniform
A carabiniere shows a female Afghan National Police recruit how to aim an AMD-65 at the Kabul Central Training Center in 2010 during the Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan

Nicknamed La Benemerita (The Meritorious Corps), Carabinieri is the common name for the Arma dei Carabinieri, a gendarmerie-like military corps with police duties.[7][20][6] They also serve as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called upon for national defence action.[5][6] The Carabinieri are a separate armed force (alongside the Army, Navy, and Air Force), ending their long-standing tradition as the First Corps (Arma) of the Italian Army (Esercito).[7]

Carabinieri units have been dispatched worldwide in peacekeeping missions, including Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Military reforms have opened the Arma to women, who were previously barred from all Italian military forces until 2001.[21]

Carabinieri stations are distributed throughout the country, with a station in approximately every municipality, and additional stations in strategic locations along motorways.[22] The Arma is often called on duty as riot police during large events and demonstrations, fulfilling both military and civil police duties. According to Europol, this force has "4,672 stations and lieutenancies".[6]

Polizia Penitenziaria

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Main article: Polizia Penitenziaria
Polizia Penitenziaria (2008)

The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Guards, literally Penitentiary Police, also translated as Prison Police Corps)[6] operates the Italian prison system and handles the transportation of inmates.[7] Its agents are sometimes called to assist other police forces during major events. This force (part of the Ministry of Justice) has a "nationwide remit for prison security, inmate safety and transportation".[5][6]

Interforces

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Direzione Investigativa Antimafia

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Incidence of organized crime's extortion in Italy by province in 2012
  High
  Mid
  Low
  Absent

The Direzione Investigativa Antimafia (or DIA) (Anti-Mafia Investigation Directorate) is a joint organization of Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri, Polizia Penitenziaria, and Guardia di Finanza combating organized crime in Italy.

Founded in 1991, under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior as the Direzione Nazionale Antimafia (National Anti-Mafia Directorate), its operations include preemptive investigations, judicial investigations, and international relations. It investigates the characteristics, objectives, and methods of the Mafia, as well as their domestic and international contacts.

The DIA was created to prevent mafiosi from infiltrating the government.[23]

SCIP

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Interpol's National Central Bureau for Italy is part of the International Police Cooperation Service (SCIP), a branch of the Public Security Department (PSD).[5] SCIP is a multi-agency unit headed on a rotational basis by the Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza. Officers representing all police forces staff it.

Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga

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Italian military detection dog, with the Police K9 Unit from Padua, inspecting a room for drug residues at the Caserma Ederle, in Vicenza.

The Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga (Central Directorate for Anti-Drug Services) is a joint organization of Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri, and Guardia di Finanza combating drug trafficking. Founded in 1976 as Direzione Anti Droga (Anti-Drug Directorate), it is under the authority of the Criminal police department of the Ministry of the Interior.[24]

Local police forces

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Although policing in Italy is primarily national,[3] there also exists Polizia Provinciale (provincial police) and Polizia Municipale (municipal police).[4]

Provincial Police

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Polizia Provinciale car (2013)

The Polizia Provinciale is local police used only in some of the 107 Provinces of Italy. Their main tasks are enforcing regional and national hunting and fishing laws, wildlife management, and environmental protection.[25]

They also provide traffic policing and participate in security services arranged by the authorities.[25] Some municipal police forces trace their origins to the vigili urbani and comes stabili of ancient Rome.[26]

Urban policing emerged in the 13th to 14th centuries in the Italian comunes (such as Bologna). While police forces are often considered a modern innovation, these medieval forces had similarities to modern police forces.[27] Today, Italian municipal forces are referred to by names such as polizia comunale (comune police), polizia urbana (urban police), and polizia locale (local police).[28]

Municipal and local police

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Main article: Municipal police (Italy)
Polizia Municipale officers

Some municipal police forces in Italy trace their origins to the vigili urbani and comes stabili of ancient Rome.[29] Urban policing emerged in the 13th–14th centuries in Italian comunes (such as Bologna). While police forces are often considered a modern innovation, these medieval forces had similarities to modern police forces.[30] Today, Italian municipal forces are referred to by names such as polizia comunale (comune police), polizia urbana (urban police), and polizia locale (local police).[31]

Each comune has its own Polizia Locale, also called Polizia Municipale. Their primary duty is traffic control, handling licenses and urban regulations.[32] Municipal police also act as auxiliaries to security police forces, with responsibilities for local crime prevention and community policing.[32] Municipal police jurisdiction is geographically restricted.[32] Local Police's uniforms vary across regions.

In autonomous regions

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Some Autonomous Regions have special local police forces answering to the Regional Government, with jurisdiction covering the entire regional territory or the municipality. Their regulations are similar to other local police, but their activities and authority may differ.[33]

Sardinia

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Sardinia does not have Corpo Forestale officers. Regional law regarding nature, parks, fire, and forestry is carried out by its own regional Corpo forestale e di vigilanza ambientale, established in 1985.[34]

Due to its agricultural and pastoral society, every Sardinian town has both Polizia Municipale and Corpo Barracellare, a volunteer civilian corps. When needed by the municipality, the Corpo Barracellare deals with animal theft, farm robbery, and other farm damages.

Animal Protection

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Volunteers of the Guardie Zoofile

In some areas, an animal protection force, or Guardie Zoofile, rescues animals in distress and protects animals and wildlife. Agents are trained volunteer private citizens with limited powers regarding animal safety.[35]

Law number 189 of July 20, 2004, concerning animal abuse, assigns judicial police functions and qualifications to guards of protectionist and zoophile associations. Agents (recognized by decree issued by the Prefecture) do not have jurisdiction in hunting matters.[36][37]

Agents ensure compliance with all animal-related municipal, regional, and national laws, and may report violations to the Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato, Polizia Locale, or Forestry Carabinieri.[38]

Equipment

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Agents generally wear green uniforms, distinct from the Guardia di Finanza and Polizia Locale. Similar to various local police forces, they may wear combinations of:

  • Beret, mountain cap, or baseball cap (green or black)[38]
  • Shirt or polo shirt (green or black)[38]
  • Cargo trousers (green or black)
  • Bomber jacket (green or black)
  • Boots (black)
  • Duty belt, with radio, handcuffs, gloves, etc.[39]

Some agents carry firearms (pistols), while others do not, with differing opinions on the matter.[40][41][42][43]

Some agents wear a more formal uniform, a suit similar to Guardia di Finanza and Polizia uniforms.

Guardie Zoofile vehicles are generally marked and equipped with blue lights and sirens.[44][45]

Historical

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Former Corpo Forestale dello Stato (2013)
Group of Zaptié in Italian Somaliland (1939)
Force English translation Type Era Former jurisdictions
Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dell'Antifascismo Organization for Vigilance in Repression of Anti-Fascism Secret police 1927 - 1945  Kingdom of Italy

 Italian Social Republic

Corpo di Polizia Repubblicana Republican Police Corps Civilian police 1943 - 1945  Italian Social Republic
Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana National Republican Guard Gendarmerie
Polizia dell'Africa Italiana Police of Italian Africa Civilian police 1936 - 1944  Italian East Africa
Zaptié N/A Gendarmerie 1889 - 1960
Corpo Forestale dello Stato State Forestry Corps Park ranger[7][46][47]Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
  • Armed secure transport/cash-in-transit - of money and valuables[48]

Requirement

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Similar to police, in order for citizens to become security agents, they must:

  • have reached the age of majority and have fulfilled military service obligations;
  • know how to read and write;
  • not having been convicted of a crime;
  • be a person of good moral conduct;
  • be in possession of an identity card;
  • be registered in the national social insurance fund and in the workplace accidents fund
  • not have been convicted of criminal activity.[49]

Equipment

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Some guards are armed (generally with pistols), similar to police, but some are not.[50] These are generally semi-automatic pistols, or revolvers. The license to carry this must be obtained from the Prefecture by the private security organization, or the hiring organization. This is subject to weapon-handling competency checks and health checks.[51] Uniforms vary greatly from company to company and are often similar, but distinct, to the state and local police forces. Often marked vehicles are used for security work.[52]

Transportation

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A Lamborghini Gallardo of the Polizia di Stato, used for emergency intervention and transport of organs, parked in Piazza Unità d'Italia in Trieste
Carabinieri Lotus Evora

Until recently, all Italian police forces were equipped with Italian-made police cars, with Alfa Romeos most commonly.[53] A patrol car belonging to Polizia is nicknamed Pantera (Panther), one used by the Carabinieri is nicknamed Gazzella (Gazelle).[54] Every force has helicopters, trucks and campers (used as mobile offices, usually in undercover missions). In Venice, which is built across several islands linked by bridges and surrounded by water, public security and fire brigades work with boats.[55] In 2004, Lamborghini donated two Lamborghini Gallardo police cars to the Polizia di Stato on their 152nd anniversary.[56]

  • Arma dei Carabinieri patrol vehicles are dark blue with a red stripe along the side. Majority have white roofs. Their telephone number is also featured - "112" (whilst that of the Polizia di Stato is "113"). Their vehicles have registration plates beginning with "CC".[57] Precedently, Carabinieri cars were dark green: the last green (and the first black) Carabinieri car was the Alfa Romeo Giulia.
  • Guardia di Finanza vehicles are dark grey with a thin gold stripe along each side and the words Guardia di Finanza in gold underneath. The vehicle plates begin with the letters "GdiF" in red.[58]
  • Polizia di Stato vehicles are light blue with a white stripe along the side and the word POLIZIA in large letters underneath. The license plates start with the word Polizia in red usually followed by a letter and four numbers.[59] Like the Carabinieri vehicles, the cars were green, but before the green colour, the cars were red.
  • Polizia Penitenziaria vehicles are dark blue with a light blue stripe along the side and Polizia Penitenziaria in white letters under the stripe. License plates have the entire name POLIZIA PENITENZIARIA on them, followed by three numbers and two letters.[60]
  • Corpo Forestale dello Stato vehicles were green with a white stripe and the words CORPO FORESTALE DELLO STATO in white along the side. The vehicle plates began with the letters "CFS" in red.[61] From January 2017 all vehicles have been transferred under the Carabinieri's Comando unità per la tutela forestale, ambientale e agroalimentare. The words "CORPO FORESTALE DELLO STATO" has been replaced with "CARABINIERI", but they still remain green with a white stripe.
  • Polizia Municipale the colours of vehicles depend on regional laws. Usually, the cars are white with blue, green or red stripes and the words "Polizia Municipale" or "Polizia Locale" along the side, in some regions car colour can be black or dark grey. License plates have the entire name POLIZIA LOCALE on them and the letter "Y" followed by another letter, three numbers, and two letters.
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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Guardia Costiera". Guardia Costiera. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  2. ^ Grazia Maria Vagliasindi (2017). "Environmental Criminal Law in Italy". In Andrew Farmer; Michael Faure; Grazia Maria Vagliasindi (eds.). Environmental Crime in Europe. Modern Studies in European Law. Bloomsbury.
  3. ^ a b Paulo Buonanno; Giovanni Mastrobuoni (2013). "Centralized versus Decentralized Police Hiring in Italy and the United States". In Philip J. Cook; Stephen Machin; Olivier Marie; Giovanni Mastrobuoni (eds.). Lessons from the Economics of Crime: What Reduces Offending?. MIT Press. p. 193. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262019613.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-01961-3.
  4. ^ a b c Reece Walters (2013). "Eco Mafia and Environmental Crime". In Kerry Carrington; Matthew Ball; Erin O'Brien; Juan Tauri (eds.). Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. Crime, Justice and Social Democracy: International Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 286. doi:10.1057/9781137008695_19. ISBN 978-1-349-43575-3.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Italie". Interpol. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Italy". Europol. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Forze di polizia" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  8. ^ "Bioterrorismo e politiche di prevenzione" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  9. ^ "Compiti istituzionali" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  10. ^ "Scontri a Roma: polizia "disarmata" le norme in piazza risalgono al 1931" (in Italian). 11 October 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  11. ^ "Guardia Costiera". Guardia Costiera. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  12. ^ a b "The Public Security System in Italy". Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  13. ^ "Field Organization". Polizia di Stato (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  14. ^ "Administration and Logistics". Poliziadistato.it. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  15. ^ "Crime and Criminal Justice - Issue number 19/2008 (KS-SF-08-019)". Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  16. ^ "Più sicurezza nei quartieri" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  17. ^ "Bioterrorismo e politiche di prevenzione" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  18. ^ "Compiti istituzionali" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  19. ^ "Scontri a Roma: polizia "disarmata" le norme in piazza risalgono al 1931" (in Italian). 11 October 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  20. ^ "Dlgs 215/2001". Camera.it. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  21. ^ "Dlgs 215/2001". Camera.it. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  22. ^ "Stazioni Carabinieri". Carabinieri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  23. ^ Jamieson, Alison. The Antimafia. Great Britain: Antony Rowe Ltd., 2000. Print
  24. ^ "Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga" (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  25. ^ a b "Corpo di Polizia provinciale" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  26. ^ Daniel Donnelly, Municipal Policing in the European Union: Comparative Perspectives (2013), p. 34.
  27. ^ Gregory Roberts, Police Power in the Italian Communes, 1228-1326 (Amsterdam University Press, 2019).
  28. ^ Daniel Donnelly, Municipal Policing in the European Union: Comparative Perspectives (2013), pp. 4, 34.
  29. ^ Daniel Donnelly, Municipal Policing in the European Union: Comparative Perspectives (2013), p. 34.
  30. ^ Gregory Roberts, Police Power in the Italian Communes, 1228-1326 (Amsterdam University Press, 2019).
  31. ^ Daniel Donnelly, Municipal Policing in the European Union: Comparative Perspectives (2013), pp. 4, 34.
  32. ^ a b c Elke Devroe & Paul Ponsaers, "European national police systems and metropolitan realities" in Policing European Metropolises: The Politics of Security in City-Regions (eds. Elke Devroe, Adam Edwards & Paul Ponsaers: Routledge, 2017), pp. 32-33.
  33. ^ "Le compagnie dei barracellari in Sardegna" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  34. ^ "SardegnaCorpoForestale - Home page". Sardegnaambiente.it. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  35. ^ "Articolo 57 Codice di procedura penale" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  36. ^ "PARERI DEL MINISTERO INTERNO SU GUARDIE ZOOFILE" (PDF). Earmi.it. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  37. ^ "Le guardie zoofile non possono fare accertamenti in materia di caccia". Armi e Tiro (in Italian). 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  38. ^ a b c "Emergenza coronavirus, super lavoro per le guardie zoofile savonesi di "Fare Ambiente" - IVG.it". Il Vostro Giornale (in Italian). 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  39. ^ "Cani rinchiusi nel giardino-lager, ristoratore scoperto e denunciato dalle guardie eco-zoofile". Sardegnalive.net (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  40. ^ "Porto d'armi, è un diritto delle guardie zoofile? - BigHunter". Bighunter.it. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  41. ^ "Judicial Police. License to carry guns in favor of ENPA zoophilic special guard". Lexambiente.it. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  42. ^ ArmiMagazine.it (2017-11-03). "Per le guardie zoofile volontarie ora è più facile armarsi". Armi Magazine (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  43. ^ "Aizza il cane contro la guardia zoofila". La Nuova Sardegna (in Italian). 2014-09-04. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  44. ^ "Photographic image of Guardie Zoofile vehicle" (JPEG). Etrurianews.it. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  45. ^ "Photographic image of Guardie Zoofile vehicle and officers" (JPG). Pbs.twimg.com. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  46. ^ "Corpo Forestale dello Stato - Chi siamo - Polizia agroalimentare - Alcuni cenni storici". Archived from the original on 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  47. ^ Grazia Maria Vagliasindi (2017). "Environmental Criminal Law in Italy". In Andrew Farmer; Michael Faure; Grazia Maria Vagliasindi (eds.). Environmental Crime in Europe. Modern Studies in European Law. Bloomsbury.
  48. ^ Cite error: The named reference auto1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  49. ^ "Come diventare guardia giurata: requisiti minimi e aggiuntivi". New Master Police (in Italian). 2019-07-18. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  50. ^ "Semina il caos all'Inps, bloccato da una guardia giurata: "Ha cercato di prendermi la pistola"". Cronache Maceratesi (in Italian). 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  51. ^ "Rilascio del porto di pistola per guardia giurata armata". Prefettura - Ufficio Territoriale del Governo di Ancona (in Italian). 2000-12-31. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  52. ^ "Photographic image of Corpo Guardie Di Citta vehicle and officer" (JPG). Pbs.twimg.com. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  53. ^ "Alfa 159 entra nel parco auto di Polizia e Carabinieri" (in Italian). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  54. ^ ""Storie Alfa Romeo": Gazzelle e Pantere, le Alfa in divisa" (in Italian). 20 May 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  55. ^ "All'Arsenale di Venezia presentazione delle nuove motovedette del servizio navale dei Carabinieri" (in Italian). 9 September 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  56. ^ "Lamborghini Gallardo Polizia" (in Italian). 18 December 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  57. ^ "Carabinieri". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  58. ^ "Customs Authority". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  59. ^ "Police". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  60. ^ "Prison Service". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  61. ^ "State Forestry Corps". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
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